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# Arrival, burst, completion, turnaround, waiting, & response time

Samia Ishaque

When we start learning about CPU scheduling algorithms, we come across some terms that are very confusing. This includes terms like arrival time, burst time, completion time, turnaround time, waiting time, and response time.

These calculations judge the efficiency of a scheduling algorithm. You can find their definitions and examples below.

## Arrival time

The ﻿arrival﻿ time of a process is when a process is ready to be executed, ﻿which means it is finally in a ready state and is waiting in a queue for its turn to be executed.

Each process has a pre-determined arrival and burst time, as highlighted in the table below. The arrival time for processes 1, 2, 3, and 4 is 0, 0, 3, and 5 seconds respectively.

## Burst time

The ﻿burst time﻿ of a process is the number of time units it requires to be executed by the CPU. In the table below, the burst time is also written for each of the four processes.

## Completion time

The completion time﻿ is the time when the process stops executing, ﻿which means that the process has completed its burst time and ﻿is completely executed.

## Exit time

The exit time﻿ is when a process has ﻿been fully executed and ﻿permanently leaves the waiting queue.

Gantt Chart (Each cell represents 1 second of CPU time)

## Turnaround time

Turnaround time﻿ is the duration between the arrival of a process into the waiting queue until it exits the waiting queue completely.﻿ To calculate the turnaround time for a process, we can use two formulas:

$TurnaroundTime = Burst Time + Waiting Time$

OR:

$TurnaroundTime = ExitTime - Arrival Time$

### Example

To understand turnaround time better, we can use the table above. If we use the Robin Hood scheduling method and keep the time quantumthe amount of time that a process is permitted to run equal to 3 seconds, we get the final Gantt Charta way of displaying activities against time in process scheduling as shown above. We can then calculate the turnaround time for each of the processes using the first formula:

P1: 3 + 0 = 3 seconds
P2: 4 + 9 = 13 seconds
P3: 4 + 7 = 11 seconds
P4: 4 + 6 = 10 seconds

## Waiting time

The ﻿waiting time﻿ of a process is the time it waits between ﻿its arrival in a waiting queue and the time it is fully executed. Hence, waiting time is:

$WaitingTime = ExitTime - ArrivalTime - BurstTime$

### Example

Using the example similar to turnaround time, we can calculate the waiting time for each of the processes.

P1: 0 seconds
P2: 9 seconds
P3: 7 seconds
P4: 6 seconds

## Response time

The ﻿response time﻿ is the duration between a process’s arrival into the waiting queue and when it gets the CPU for the first time.

$ResponseTime= ProcessGetsCPU - Arrival Time$

### Example

Using the example similar to turnaround time, we can calculate the response time for each of the processes.

P1: 0 seconds
P2: 3 seconds
P3: 3 seconds
P4: 4 seconds

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operating system

CONTRIBUTOR

Samia Ishaque