T(n) = \frac{x_1}{\sqrt{2}} + x_2 sin(n) + x_3 cos(n) + x_4 sin(2n) + x_5 cos(2n) + \cdots 

- The $x$ coefficients represent the values of each dimension.
- The $n$ is linearly spaced between $-\pi$ and $+\pi$.

Andrews curves have been known to retain means, distance (up to a constant), and variances. As a result, Andrews curves represented by closely spaced functions imply that the accompanying data points will be closely spaced.

## The `andrews_curves()` method in pandas

The **`andrews_curves()` method** in pandas is used to plot Andrews curves on a DataFrame. Each frame row represents a single curve.

## Syntax

```
pandas.plotting.andrews_curves(frame, class_column, ax=None, samples=200, color=None, colormap=None, **kwargs)
```

## Parameters

- **`frame`**: This is the DataFrame to plot.
- **`class_column`**: This is the name of the column containing class names.
- **`ax`**: This is the `matplotlib` axes object.
- **`samples`**: This corresponds to the number of points to plot in each curve.
- **`color`**: This parameter can be a list or tuple of colors that can be used for different classes.
- **`colormap`**: This can be a string or a `matplotlib` object where colors can be selected from the colormap.


## Example

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = pd.read_csv(
    'https://raw.github.com/pandas-dev/'
    'pandas/main/pandas/tests/io/data/csv/iris.csv'
)
print(df.head())
pd.plotting.andrews_curves(df, 'Name')
plt.show()

python39

##
### Explanation

- Lines 1–2: We import the `pandas` and `matplotlib` packages.
- Lines 4–7: We read the iris dataset into a DataFrame called `df`.
- Line 8: The sample data from `df` is printed.
- Line 9: We plot the Andrews curves using the `andrews_curves()` method. Here, the `Name` column in the dataset/DataFrame is a categorical column consisting of class names.
- Line 10: We display the plotted graph.  

DS.tar.gz

How to plot Andrews curves in pandas

Andrews curves map multidimensional data into functions, visualizing data spacing. Use pandas' `andrews_curves()` to plot DataFrame observations into curves.

How to plot Andrews curves in pandas

Overview

The andrews_curves() method in pandas

Syntax

Parameters

Example

Explanation

The `andrews_curves()` method in pandas