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Multi-Stages Aggregation in Action

Multi-Stages Aggregation in Action

Learn to create multi-stage aggregation pipelines in MongoDB to perform complex data transformations like filtering, grouping, and calculating totals step by step.

We'll cover the following...

What is a multi-stage pipeline?

A multi-stage pipeline is a sequence of aggregation stages, each transforming the data and passing it to the next stage. These stages are executed in order, and the output of one stage becomes the input for the next, allowing us to build complex data transformations step by step, much like an assembly line. 

Let's begin creating multi-stage pipelines for the real-world examples we covered earlier.

Examples

For instance, if we need to calculate the number of orders that got cancelled and shipped, we can use the aggregation pipeline. Take a look at the query below.

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[
  {
    "id": "3001",
    "userId": "0001",
    "orderDate": "2024-11-21T06:32:47.383235",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2049",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 103
      },
      {
        "productId": "2083",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 46
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 447,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3002",
    "userId": "0001",
    "orderDate": "2024-09-25T06:32:47.383273",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2045",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 493
      },
      {
        "productId": "2072",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 497
      },
      {
        "productId": "2011",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 937
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 7215,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3003",
    "userId": "0001",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-27T06:32:47.383294",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2002",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 379
      },
      {
        "productId": "2001",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 184
      },
      {
        "productId": "2012",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 30
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1760,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3004",
    "userId": "0002",
    "orderDate": "2024-05-31T06:32:47.383329",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2035",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 34
      },
      {
        "productId": "2062",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 1159
      },
      {
        "productId": "2019",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 1489
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 13376,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3005",
    "userId": "0002",
    "orderDate": "2024-10-19T06:32:47.383360",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2065",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 536
      },
      {
        "productId": "2018",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 438
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2922,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3006",
    "userId": "0003",
    "orderDate": "2024-11-18T06:32:47.383391",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2069",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 60
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 300,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3007",
    "userId": "0003",
    "orderDate": "2024-07-30T06:32:47.383415",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2022",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 393
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 393,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3008",
    "userId": "0003",
    "orderDate": "2024-06-22T06:32:47.383440",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2015",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 354
      },
      {
        "productId": "2086",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 603
      },
      {
        "productId": "2093",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 418
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 4559,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3009",
    "userId": "0003",
    "orderDate": "2025-04-29T06:32:47.383476",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2048",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 76
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 76,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3010",
    "userId": "0004",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-22T06:32:47.383498",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2006",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 59
      },
      {
        "productId": "2054",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 1497
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 4550,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3011",
    "userId": "0005",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-10T06:32:47.383524",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2061",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 67
      },
      {
        "productId": "2048",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 76
      },
      {
        "productId": "2060",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 607
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 3616,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3012",
    "userId": "0005",
    "orderDate": "2024-09-02T06:32:47.383552",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2007",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 1144
      },
      {
        "productId": "2080",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 292
      },
      {
        "productId": "2077",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 213
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 6012,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3013",
    "userId": "0005",
    "orderDate": "2025-03-14T06:32:47.383572",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2017",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 383
      },
      {
        "productId": "2030",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 233
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 3080,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3014",
    "userId": "0006",
    "orderDate": "2024-08-08T06:32:47.383587",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2029",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 14
      },
      {
        "productId": "2054",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 1497
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 7555,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3015",
    "userId": "0006",
    "orderDate": "2024-05-15T06:32:47.383602",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2081",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 483
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 483,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3016",
    "userId": "0006",
    "orderDate": "2025-03-20T06:32:47.383614",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2020",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 138
      },
      {
        "productId": "2031",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 566
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2678,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3017",
    "userId": "0008",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-24T06:32:47.383627",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2077",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 213
      },
      {
        "productId": "2039",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 415
      },
      {
        "productId": "2095",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 470
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 3610,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3018",
    "userId": "0008",
    "orderDate": "2024-08-31T06:32:47.383643",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2067",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 181
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 181,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3019",
    "userId": "0008",
    "orderDate": "2025-01-03T06:32:47.383657",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2044",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 258
      },
      {
        "productId": "2057",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 184
      },
      {
        "productId": "2013",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 401
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 3556,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3020",
    "userId": "0008",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-21T06:32:47.383688",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2080",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 292
      },
      {
        "productId": "2062",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 1159
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 6096,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3021",
    "userId": "0010",
    "orderDate": "2025-04-29T06:32:47.383715",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2092",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 1315
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 6575,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3022",
    "userId": "0013",
    "orderDate": "2025-04-24T06:32:47.383737",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2014",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 244
      },
      {
        "productId": "2053",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 70
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1500,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3023",
    "userId": "0014",
    "orderDate": "2025-01-10T06:32:47.383763",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2069",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 60
      },
      {
        "productId": "2006",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 59
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 296,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3024",
    "userId": "0014",
    "orderDate": "2025-01-30T06:32:47.383788",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2047",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 79
      },
      {
        "productId": "2053",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 70
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 596,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3025",
    "userId": "0014",
    "orderDate": "2024-12-23T06:32:47.383816",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2004",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 181
      },
      {
        "productId": "2067",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 181
      },
      {
        "productId": "2023",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 996
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 4617,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3026",
    "userId": "0014",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-14T06:32:47.383852",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2097",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 81
      },
      {
        "productId": "2035",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 34
      },
      {
        "productId": "2066",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 109
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 984,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3027",
    "userId": "0015",
    "orderDate": "2024-09-24T06:32:47.383884",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2072",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 497
      },
      {
        "productId": "2087",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 388
      },
      {
        "productId": "2069",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 60
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 4545,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3028",
    "userId": "0015",
    "orderDate": "2024-06-12T06:32:47.383913",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2036",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 120
      },
      {
        "productId": "2004",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 181
      },
      {
        "productId": "2024",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 483
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2290,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3029",
    "userId": "0016",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-28T06:32:47.383950",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2063",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 156
      },
      {
        "productId": "2043",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 581
      },
      {
        "productId": "2004",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 181
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2847,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3030",
    "userId": "0017",
    "orderDate": "2024-06-17T06:32:47.383984",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2063",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 156
      },
      {
        "productId": "2032",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 379
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2140,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3031",
    "userId": "0017",
    "orderDate": "2024-07-18T06:32:47.384008",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2048",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 76
      },
      {
        "productId": "2022",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 393
      },
      {
        "productId": "2032",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 379
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2440,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3032",
    "userId": "0017",
    "orderDate": "2024-10-08T06:32:47.384027",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2086",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 603
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1809,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3033",
    "userId": "0017",
    "orderDate": "2024-11-30T06:32:47.384048",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2001",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 184
      },
      {
        "productId": "2083",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 46
      },
      {
        "productId": "2045",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 493
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1538,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3034",
    "userId": "0018",
    "orderDate": "2025-04-17T06:32:47.384086",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2098",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 756
      },
      {
        "productId": "2013",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 401
      },
      {
        "productId": "2080",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 292
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2251,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3035",
    "userId": "0018",
    "orderDate": "2024-07-09T06:32:47.384118",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2024",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 483
      },
      {
        "productId": "2087",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 388
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2225,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3036",
    "userId": "0018",
    "orderDate": "2024-12-03T06:32:47.384142",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2092",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 1315
      },
      {
        "productId": "2002",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 379
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 5840,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3037",
    "userId": "0018",
    "orderDate": "2024-12-18T06:32:47.384158",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2045",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 493
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2465,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3038",
    "userId": "0019",
    "orderDate": "2025-03-14T06:32:47.384170",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2009",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 1073
      },
      {
        "productId": "2061",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 67
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2347,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3039",
    "userId": "0019",
    "orderDate": "2024-10-06T06:32:47.384186",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2069",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 60
      },
      {
        "productId": "2029",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 14
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 134,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3040",
    "userId": "0019",
    "orderDate": "2024-10-11T06:32:47.384199",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2059",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 140
      },
      {
        "productId": "2040",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 176
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1300,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3041",
    "userId": "0019",
    "orderDate": "2024-08-28T06:32:47.384213",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2012",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 30
      },
      {
        "productId": "2063",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 156
      },
      {
        "productId": "2057",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 184
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1574,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3042",
    "userId": "0020",
    "orderDate": "2024-05-22T06:32:47.384233",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2098",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 756
      },
      {
        "productId": "2031",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 566
      },
      {
        "productId": "2052",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 1013
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 5992,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3043",
    "userId": "0020",
    "orderDate": "2024-12-08T06:32:47.384252",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2065",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 536
      },
      {
        "productId": "2078",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 973
      },
      {
        "productId": "2040",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 176
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 5767,
    "paymentMethod": "Cash on delivery",
    "status": "Delivered"
  },
  {
    "id": "3044",
    "userId": "0021",
    "orderDate": "2025-04-10T06:32:47.384269",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2012",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 30
      },
      {
        "productId": "2039",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 415
      },
      {
        "productId": "2076",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 371
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 906,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3045",
    "userId": "0021",
    "orderDate": "2024-07-05T06:32:47.384294",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2039",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 415
      },
      {
        "productId": "2068",
        "quantity": 5,
        "price": 44
      },
      {
        "productId": "2050",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 340
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 1390,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Cancelled"
  },
  {
    "id": "3046",
    "userId": "0022",
    "orderDate": "2024-08-02T06:32:47.384321",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2045",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 493
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 986,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3047",
    "userId": "0022",
    "orderDate": "2024-09-19T06:32:47.384337",
    "items": [
      {
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    "id": "3098",
    "userId": "0044",
    "orderDate": "2025-03-13T06:32:47.385503",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2098",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 756
      },
      {
        "productId": "2023",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 996
      },
      {
        "productId": "2047",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 79
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 2666,
    "paymentMethod": "PayPal",
    "status": "Shipped"
  },
  {
    "id": "3099",
    "userId": "0044",
    "orderDate": "2025-02-01T06:32:47.385520",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2074",
        "quantity": 3,
        "price": 94
      },
      {
        "productId": "2048",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 76
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 358,
    "paymentMethod": "Bank Transfer",
    "status": "Pending"
  },
  {
    "id": "3100",
    "userId": "0045",
    "orderDate": "2024-06-11T06:32:47.385533",
    "items": [
      {
        "productId": "2034",
        "quantity": 2,
        "price": 590
      },
      {
        "productId": "2035",
        "quantity": 1,
        "price": 34
      },
      {
        "productId": "2056",
        "quantity": 4,
        "price": 1467
      }
    ],
    "totalAmount": 7082,
    "paymentMethod": "Credit Card",
    "status": "Shipped"
  }
]

Let's break it down. The task can be divided into two stages:

  1. Filter the document(s) from the orders collection where status is “Shipped” or “Cancelled”. 

  2. Count the total number of shipped orders and cancelled orders, separately.

Note that the second stage is dependent on the first stage, i.e., the output of the first stage serves as the input to the second stage. 

In ...