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Introduction

A Bit About C++The History of C++Why Use C++?

Getting Started

Your First C++ Program Printing Styles C++ Comments Challenge: Display Text on the Console Solution Review: Display Text on the Console Challenge: Display a Right-Angle Triangle Solution Review: Display a Right-Angle Triangle Quiz

Variables and Constants

Introduction to Variables Variables in C++Identifiers in C++C++ Constants/Literals Challenge: Initialize a Variable and Overwrite its Value Solution Review: Initialize a Variable and Overwrite its Value Challenge: Swap the Values of Two Variables Solution Review: Swap the Values of Two Variables Quiz

Data Types and Input

Data Types Primitive or Fundamental Data Types Data Type Modifiers Type-Casting Strings and Escape Sequences C++ User Input Challenge: Convert Double Value into Integer Solution Review: Convert Double Value into Integer Quiz

Operators

Introduction to Operators Arithmetic Operators Assignment and Compound Assignment Operator Relational Operators Logical Operators Bitwise Operators Precedence and Associativity Challenge: Find the Previous Alphabet Solution Review: Find the Previous Alphabet Challenge: Calculate Hours, Minutes, and Seconds Solution Review: Calculate Hours, Minutes, and Seconds Challenge: Calculate the Area of the Sphere Solution Review: Calculate the Area of the Sphere Quiz

Conditional Statements

Introduction to Conditional Statements If Statement If-else Statement Nested else-if Statement Switch Statement Conditional Operator Challenge: Find the Person with the Highest Salary Solution Review: Find the Person with the Highest Salary Challenge: Check if the Given Character is an Alphabet Solution Review: Check if the Given Character is an Alphabet Challenge: Display Day of the Week Solution Review: Display Day of the Week Quiz

Loops

Introduction to Loops while Loop in C++do-while Loop for Loop Infinite Loop Nested Loop break Statement continue Statement Challenge: Calculate the Power of a Number Solution Review: Calculate the Power of a Number Challenge: Find out if the Given Number is Prime Solution Review: Find out if the Given Number is Prime Challenge: Convert Decimal Number to Binary Solution Review: Convert Decimal Number to Binary Challenge: Find out if the Given Number is a Palindrome Solution Review: Find out if the Given Number is a Palindrome Quiz

Functions

Functions in C++Declaring a Function Defining a Function Calling a Function C++ Function Parameters Pass by Value in Functions Pass by Reference in Functions Scope of Variable Overwriting the Value of the Global Variable Function Overloading Lambda Functions Challenge: Convert Digits from 0 to 5 into Text Solution Review: Convert Digits from 0 to 5 into Text Challenge: Set the Smallest Number to -1 Solution: Set the Smallest Number to -1 Challenge: Design a Calculator Solution Review: Design a Calculator Quiz

Recursion

What is Recursion?Structure of a Recursive Program Calculating the Factorial of a Number Recursion vs Iteration Challenge: Calculate the Power of a Number Recursively Solution Review: Calculate the Power of a Number Recursively Challenge: Count the Digits in a Number Using Recursion Solution Review: Count the Digits in a Number Using Recursion Challenge: Calculate the nth Fibonacci Number using Recursion Solution Review: Calculate nth Fibonacci Number Using Recursion Quiz

Arrays

Introduction to Arrays Creating an Array Accessing an Array Arrays and Functions Creating a Two-Dimensional Array Accessing Two-Dimensional Arrays Challenge: Calculate the Average Marks of a Class Solution Review: Calculate the Average Marks of a Class Challenge: Left Rotate Array Solution Review: Left Rotate Array Challenge: Sort Elements of an Array in Descending Order Solution Review: Sort Elements of an Array in Descending Order Challenge: Add Main Diagonal Elements in a Matrix Solution Review: Add Main Diagonal Elements in a Matrix Challenge: Multiply Two Matrices Solution Review: Multiply Two Matrices Quiz

Pointers

Computer Memory

Variables and Memory

Address-of Operator

What is a Pointer?

Dereferencing Operator

Function and Pointers

Challenge: Calculate the Area of a Rectangle Using Pointers

Solution Review: Calculate the Area of a Rectangle Using Pointers

Challenge: Calculate the Sum and Absolute Difference

Solution Review: Calculate the Sum and Absolute Difference

Dynamic Memory Allocation

Types of Allocation Allocation of Dynamic Memory Deallocation of Dynamic Memory Dynamic Arrays Challenge: Set the Odd Elements in a Dynamic Array to -1 Solution Review: Set the Odd Elements in a Dynamic Array to -1 Challenge: Delete an Element at a Specific Index Solution Review: Delete an Element at a Specific Index Challenge 3: Calculate Mean and Standard Deviation from Array Solution Review: Calculate Mean and Standard Deviation from Array Quiz

Structures

Introduction to Structures Defining Structure in C++Declaring Structure Variables in C++Initializing and Accessing Members of a Structure Variable in C++Array of Structures Structure and Functions Structure and Pointers Challenge: Subtract Two Complex Numbers Solution Review: Subtract Two Complex Numbers Challenge: Calculate Overall Percentage of Student's Marks Solution Review: Calculate Overall Percentage of Student's Mark Challenge: Account Number of Customers with Balance < $500 Solution Review: Account Number of Customers with Balance < $500 Quiz

Project

Mini Project 1: Grayscale to Binary Image

Project

Mini Project 2: Hangman Game

Mini Projects Solution

Solution: Mini Project 1 Solution: Mini Project 2

Conclusion

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References

References

Now, we'll learn what references are and how they differ from pointers.

A reference is an alias for an existing variable. It can be created using the & operator.

Once created, the reference can be used instead of the actual variable. Altering the value of the reference is equivalent to altering the referenced variable.

Note that we don’t have to worry about the * operator when de-referencing a variable reference. For example, lines 7, 11 and 14 in the following program.

Note that we are ...