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Master the Bash Shell

Process Substitution

Explore how to use the Bash process substitution operators <() and >() to streamline commands by substituting outputs as file inputs, reducing reliance on temporary files. This lesson helps you understand these operators in contrast to $(), enhancing your ability to write cleaner Bash scripts and commands.

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How Important is this Lesson?

I spent years reading and writing bash before I understood this concept, so this lesson can be skipped. However, since I learned about process substitution, I use it on the command line almost every day, so I recommend you learn it at some point.

Simple Process Substitution

Type this in to set files up for this lesson:

Shell
mkdir a
mkdir b
touch a/1 a/2  # Creates files 1 and 2 in folder a
touch b/2 b/3  # Creates files 2 and 3 in folder b
ls a
ls b
Terminal 1
Terminal
Loading...

You’ve created two folders with slightly different contents.

Now let’s say that you want to diff the output of ls a and ls b (a trivial but usefully simple example here). How would you do it?

Note: if you are not familiar with the diff command, you can find an introduction to it here.

You might do it like this:

Shell
ls a > aout      # List the files in the folder 'a' and redirect output to the 'aout' file
ls b > bout      # List the files in the folder 'b' and redirect output to the 'bout' file
diff aout bout   # Diff the two outputs
rm aout bout     # Clean up the temporary output files

That works, and there’s nothing wrong with it, but typing ...