Learn and practice the Tree Depth-First Search and Tree Breadth-First Search patterns to solve coding interview problems.

Educative-99 in Go: Accelerate Your Coding Interview Prep

Trees play a pivotal role in organizing hierarchical data, optimizing searches, and solving complex problems. In this module, we’ll learn to choose the appropriate tree for a given problem and apply the more appropriate of the two major traversal techniques, breadth-first or depth-first, to solve it.

Trees

# Statement
Serialize a given binary tree to a file and deserialize it back to a tree. Make sure that the original and the deserialized trees are identical.


* **Serialize:** Write the tree to a file.

* **Deserialize:** Read from a file and reconstruct the tree in memory.

Serialize the tree into an array of integers, and then, deserialize it back from the array to a tree. For simplicity’s sake, there’s no need to write the array to the files.

**Constraints:**
* The number of nodes in the tree is in the range $[0, 500]$.
* $-1000 \leq$ `Node.value` $\leq 1000$
# Examples


# Understand the problem
Let’s take a moment to make sure you’ve correctly understood the problem. The quiz below helps you check if you’re solving the correct problem:

What is the serialized output of this tree using level order traversal?
```
          __ 350 
	     |
	  __ 75 ______ 
	 |            |
	 25 _     ___ 200 
	     |   |
	     50  100
```


What is the serialized output of this tree using level order traversal?
<pre><code> __ 350 
	 |
	 __ 75 ______ 
	 | |
	 25 _ ___ 200 
	 | |
	 50 100
</code></pre>

```
          __ 23 __
	     |        |
	  __ 5     __25
	 |        |    
   _ 2 _    _ 13    
  |	    |  |
  1	    4  10
```

```
          __ 10 __
	     |        |
	  __ 5     __ 23 __
	 |        |        |
   _ 2 _      13       25
  |	    | 
  1	    4  
```

```
          __ 5 __
	     |        |
	  __ 2 __     __ 23 __
	 |        |  |        |
     1        4  |        |
  	          __ 13       25 
 	         |
             10

```

```
          __ 13 __
	     |        |
	  __ 5     ____25
	 |        |    
   _ 2 _    _ 23    
  |	    |  |
  1	    4  10
```

What is the expected output of deserialization of the list generated from the preorder traversal of a tree?

 [5, 2, 1, 4, 23, 13, 10, 25]

What is the expected output of deserialization of the list generated from the preorder traversal of a tree?
[5, 2, 1, 4, 23, 13, 10, 25]

Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree

Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree

# Figure it out!
We have a game for you to play. Rearrange the logical building blocks to develop a clearer understanding of how to solve this problem.


# Try it yourself
Implement your solution in `main.go` in the following coding playground. 

package main
import (. "golang-test-code/ds_v1/BinaryTree") // TreeNode[T]

func driverCode(root *TreeNode[int]) *TreeNode[int] {
    ostream := serialize(root)
    return deserialize(&ostream)
}


package main

type BinaryTreeNode struct {
	data  int
	left  *BinaryTreeNode
	right *BinaryTreeNode

	// below data members used only for some of the problems
    next *BinaryTreeNode
	parent *BinaryTreeNode
	count int
}

// NewBinaryTreeNode initializes and returns the BinaryTreeNode 
// type object
func NewBinaryTreeNode(data int) *BinaryTreeNode {
	t := new(BinaryTreeNode)
	t.data = data
	t.left = nil
	t.right = nil
	t.next = nil
	t.parent = nil
	t.count = 0
	return t
}

# Quick Fix\nYou are Edward, a Senior Software Engineer who specializes in coding interview patterns, data structures and algorithms, and is great at debugging issues in code.\n\n- Edward, please keep in mind that you do not have to print the data of the placeholders. Also, do not mention anything about yourself.\n\nEdward, you are given the following data in the placeholders:\n- Function name: `serialize`\n- Candidate's submitted solution code: USER_CODE\n- Error: ERROR_DESCRIPTION\n- Failed test case: FAILED_TEST_CASE\n- Coding language: `Go`\n\n- Edward, your task is to understand the type of error that is occurring in the coding language provided.\n- Once you've understood the error as per the error’s description, and why the test case failed, you will suggest how the candidate can improve their solution code to fix the error.\n- Edward, you will not give the corrected code, just a hint on what the error tells, and how to fix it.\n- Edward, please limit your response strictly to 100 words. No more words than the limit.

# Review Code\nEdward, your current task is to review the `serialize` function(s) and the other function(s) invoked in it/them.\n\n-Take your time and review the candidate's solution code.\n- Do not review any extra/helper files or functions not invoked in the solution function `serialize`.\n- Do not review the code of data structure objects instantiated like a binary tree, linked list, trie, union find, etc., in the solution functions. Just review the solution/algorithm function of the problem. \n- Also, if the solution code doesn’t use the coding pattern stated above, then please encourage the candidate to reattempt the problem using that pattern corectly.

# Review time complexity\n- Please provide a brief time complexity analysis of the function(s) `serialize`. \n- While calculating time complexity, include the time complexity of built-in Go functions invoked by the code. \n- The answer should be to the point in approximately 60 words.

# Review space complexity\n- Please provide a brief space complexity analysis of the function(s) `serialize`. \n- While calculating space complexity, include the space complexity of built-in Go functions invoked by the code. \n- Do not include the space used for the input parameters and the space used for just returning an output (not used as a scratch space). \n- The answer should be to the point in approximately 60 words.

def evaluate_results(self) -> object:
 """
 self.__inputs is the list of inputs that are passed as input to function
 self.__actual_output is a list of outputs that is produced by the learner's code
 return : self.__edu__result object
 """
 
 from collections import deque
 

 def level_order_traversal(root):
 if not root:
 return []
 
 result = []
 q = deque([root])
 while q:
 curr = q.popleft()
 
 if curr:
 result.append(curr.data)
 q.append(curr.left)
 q.append(curr.right)
 else:
 result.append(None)

 if all(val == None for val in q):
 break 
 
 return result
 

 def create_binary_tree(level_order):
 if not level_order:
 return None
 
 root = TreeNode(level_order[0])
 q = deque([root])
 i = 1
 while i < len(level_order) and q:
 curr = q.popleft()
 
 if level_order[i] != None:
 curr.left = TreeNode(level_order[i])
 q.append(curr.left)
 i += 1
 
 if i < len(level_order) and level_order[i] != None:
 curr.right = TreeNode(level_order[i])
 q.append(curr.right)
 i += 1
 
 return root
 
 
 # multiple outputs will be added at each index respectively for a single test_case
 expected_outputs = [] 
 inp = self.__inputs[0]
 inp_root = create_binary_tree(inp)
 expected1 = serialize(inp_root)
 expected2 = deserialize(expected1)
 expected = level_order_traversal(expected2)
 expected_outputs.append(expected)
 actual1 = self.__actual_outputs[0]
 
 if json.dumps(expected) == json.dumps(actual1):
 self.__edu_result.store_result(expected_outputs, TestCaseResult.PASS)
 else:
 self.__edu_result.store_result(expected_outputs, TestCaseResult.FAIL)

 return self.__edu_result


class TreeNode:
 def __init__(self, data):
 self.data = data
 self.left = None
 self.right = None
 
# Initializing our marker
MARKER = "M"
m = 1
def serialize_rec(node, stream):
 global m

 if node is None:
 stream.append(MARKER + str(m))
 m += 1
 return

 stream.append(node.data)

 serialize_rec(node.left, stream)
 serialize_rec(node.right, stream)

# Function to serialize tree into list of integers.
def serialize(root):
 stream = []
 serialize_rec(root, stream)
 return stream

def deserialize_helper(stream):
 val = stream.pop()

 if type(val) is str and val[0] == MARKER:
 return None

 node = TreeNode(val)

 node.left = deserialize_helper(stream)
 node.right = deserialize_helper(stream)

 return node

# Function to deserialize integer list into a binary tree.
def deserialize(stream):
 stream.reverse()
 node = deserialize_helper(stream)
 return node

// Definition of a binary tree node 
// type TreeNode[T any] struct {
// 	Data  T
// 	Left  *TreeNode[T]
// 	Right *TreeNode[T]
// }

package main
import (. "golang-test-code/ds_v1/BinaryTree") // TreeNode[T]

func serialize(root *TreeNode[int]) []string {
	
	// Replace this placeholder return statement with your code
	return make([]string, 0)
}

func deserialize (stream *[]string) *TreeNode[int] {
	
	// Replace this placeholder return statement with your code
	return nil
}

serialize_deserialize (2).yaml

testcases:
  - name: "testcase 1"
    inputs:
    - 1 : [100, 50, 200, 25, 75, 350]
    output: 
    - 1 : [100, 50, 200, 25, 75, 350]
  - name: "testcase 2"
    inputs:
    - 1 : [100, 75, 200, 50, 350, 25]
    output: 
    - 1 : [100, 75, 200, 50, 350, 25]
  - name: "testcase 3"
    inputs:
    - 1 : [1, null, 2, null, 3, null, 4, null, 5]
    output: 
    - 1 : [1, null, 2, null, 3, null, 4, null, 5]
  - name: "testcase 4"
    inputs:
    - 1 : [100]
    output: 
    - 1 : [100]
  - name: "testcase 5"
    inputs:
    - 1 : []
    output: 
    - 1 : []

def sum(input_1, input_2):
    return input_1+input_2

def validate_inputs(self) -> None:
 """
 self.__inputs is the list of inputs that are passed as input to function
 store the result using the self.store_result(error_msg, status)
 return : void
 """
 
 from collections import deque

 def level_order_traversal(root):
 if not root:
 return []
 
 result = []
 q = deque([root])
 while q:
 curr = q.popleft()
 
 if curr:
 result.append(curr.data)
 q.append(curr.left)
 q.append(curr.right)
 else:
 result.append(None)

 if all(val == None for val in q):
 break 
 
 return result
 
 def is_valid_level_order(level_order):
 if not level_order:
 return True # An empty list is a valid level-order traversal

 n = len(level_order)
 i = 0
 root = TreeNode(level_order[i])
 q = deque([root])
 i = 1

 while i < n and q:
 curr = q.popleft()

 if level_order[i] is not None:
 curr.left = TreeNode(level_order[i])
 q.append(curr.left)
 i += 1

 if i < n and level_order[i] is not None:
 curr.right = TreeNode(level_order[i])
 q.append(curr.right)
 i += 1
 
 # Remove None values after the last integer
 while level_order and level_order[-1] is None:
 level_order.pop()
 
 return level_order_traversal(root) == level_order

 # inputs can be accessed using self.__inputs starting from 0 to len(self.__inputs) - 1
 input_list = self.__inputs[0]
 # inputs can be accessed using self.__inputs starting from 0 to len(self.__inputs) - 1
 if not all(-1000 <= num <= 1000 for num in input_list if num is not None):
 self.store_result ("'Node' must consist of values from -1000 to 1000 only", ValidationFunction.FAIL)
 elif not (0 <= sum(1 for value in input_list if value is not None) <= 500):
 self.store_result ("Total nodes in the tree are expected to be between 0 and 500", ValidationFunction.FAIL)
 elif (len(input_list)!=0 and input_list[0] is None):
 self.store_result ("Not a valid value of type TreeNode", ValidationFunction.FAIL)
 elif not is_valid_level_order(input_list):
 self.store_result ("Not a valid value of type TreeNode", ValidationFunction.FAIL)

 else:
 self.store_result("", ValidationFunction.PASS)

class TreeNode:
 def __init__(self, data):
 self.data = data
 self.left = None
 self.right = None

Try to solve the Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree problem.

Tree Depth-first Search

Tree Breadth-first Search

Conclusion

Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree

Statement

Examples

Understand the problem

Figure it out!

Try it yourself