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Advanced Programming Techniques in C

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String Functions

Standard Library Functions Finding String Length Copying String Concatenating Two Strings Converting String to Uppercase Comparing Two Strings Outputting Strings Challenge: Generate the Nth Fibonacci Word Solution Review: Generate the Nth Fibonacci Word Quiz on String Functions

Structures

Different Ways of Handling Data Handling Data Using Arrays Handling Data Using Structures Declaring and Defining Structures Structures and Memory Alignment of Elements in a Structure Array of Structures Structure and Pointers Copying Structure Nested Structures Passing a Structure to a Function Applications of a Structure Challenge: Compare Two Given Dates Solution Review: Compare Two Given Dates Quiz on Structures

Union

Introduction to a Union Comparison Between a Union and a Structure Endianness and the Union Access the Same Data in Different Ways Using a Union Utility of a Union Quiz on Union

Enumerations

Storing Data Using Strings, Constants, and Macros Introduction to Enumeration Embedding Variables of an Enum Into a Structure Quiz on Enumeration

Function Pointers

Calling Functions Using Quick Sort Challenge: An Array of Function Pointers Solution Review: An Array of Function Pointers Quiz on Function Pointers

Variable Argument Lists

Use of Variable Argument Lists Display Any Number of Values Challenge: Calculate the Average of Any Number of Integers Solution Review: Calculate the Average of Any Number of Integers Quiz on Variable Argument Lists

Working With Bits

Numbering Systems

Binary to Decimal

Common Bitwise Operations and Operators

One's Complement Operator

Left Shift and Right Shift Operators

The Utility of the Left Shift and Right Shift Operators

Challenge: Convert 2-Bytes Time Into Hours, Minutes, and Seconds

Solution: Convert 2-Bytes Time Into Hours, Minutes, and Seconds

AND, OR, and XOR Operators

Masks and Their Construction

The Utility of the AND Bitwise Operator

The Utility of the OR Bitwise Operator

The Bitwise Compound Assignment Operator

Applications of Bitwise Operators

Challenge: Turn On the 3rd and 5th Bits

Solution Review: Turn On the 3rd and 5th Bits

Recursion

Different Forms of Recursion Find the Sum of Digits of the Whole Number Find the Factorial Tips, Applications, and Typical Recursive Calls Challenge: Recursive Base Converter Solution Review: Recursive Base Converter Challenge: Recursive Prime Factors Solution Review: Recursive Prime Factors Challenge: Paper Sizes Solution Review: Paper Sizes Quiz on Recursion

Classical Recursive Problems

Challenge: Recursive Towers of Hanoi Solution Review: Recursive Towers of Hanoi Challenge: Beckett's Problem Solution Review: Beckett's Problem

Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation

Memory Allocation Static Memory Allocation Static Memory Allocation: Example Program Dynamic Memory Allocation Dynamic Memory Allocation: Example Program Challenge: Dynamically Allocate Space for Two Structures Solution Review: Dynamically Allocate Space for Two Structures Quiz on Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation

Type casting and Typedef

Type casting Typedef Variable Length Structure Type casting and malloc( )Quiz on Type Casting and Typedef

C Under Linux

Introduction to Linux Executing C Programs on a Linux Environment Processes Forking Parent and Child Signals Handling Multiple Signals Quiz on C Under Linux

Command Line Arguments

Command Line Arguments Use of Command Line Arguments Quiz on Command Line Arguments

Creating Libraries

Libraries Create a Static Library Static Library: Create the Client Quiz on Static Libraries Create a Dynamic Library Dynamic Library: Create the Client Quiz on Dynamic Libraries

Debugging C Programs

Errors What is gdb?Entering and Exiting gdb Mode Execute the Entire Program Using gdb Step, Next, and Breakpoints Traditional Testing vs. Unit Testing Create and Run Unit Testing Using CUnit Framework Quiz on Debugging

Conclusion

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Left Shift and Right Shift Operators

Left Shift and Right Shift Operators

Learn the functionality of the left shift and right shift operators in C.

The left shift operator

The left shift operator moves all the bits in operand1 to the left by the number of places specified in operand2.

The left shift operator is a binary operator that operates on two operands as shown below:

Example

5 << 2 shifts all the bits in 5 two places to the left. The binary of 5 is 00000101; therefore, upon shifting all the bits two places to the left, the answer would be 00010100, which in decimal is 20.

📝 Note: When the bits are shifted to the left, blanks will be created on the right. These blanks will be filled by 0's.

Program

See the code given below!

C

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {
    // Initialize variable
    unsigned char ch = 33 ;
    // Display number
    printf( "%d ", ch ) ; 
    // Display number in decimal format after left-shifting
    printf( "%d ", ch << 1) ; 
    // Display number in hex format after left-shifting
    printf( "%#x ", ch << 1) ; 
}

Line 9: ch << 1 eliminates one bit from the left-hand side of the binary stored in ch and shifts balance bits one position to the left. Left shifting an operand1 << operand2 is equivalent to multiplying operand1 by 2^operand2.

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