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Learn Functional Programming in Python

Closure Inspection

Explore how to inspect closures in Python, understand free variables and hidden attributes, and learn to access closure variable values. This lesson helps you deepen your grasp of closures to debug and analyze functional code effectively.

We'll cover the following...

Inside a closure

You can look inside a closure to learn the values of its variables. Here is an example of a closure:

Python 3.8
def f(x, a, v): 
  def g(e): 
    print(x, a, v, e) 
  return g 
  
c = f(5, 6, 7) 
c(2)

Python provides methods to inspect an object more deeply. On line 7 in the code above, the function, f, returns the function object, g, which is assigned to variable c. Since the object returned is a closure, it also contains ...