Delve into Python's hidden mechanisms and discover essential tools and tricks to avoid common mistakes. Gain insights into Python hacks and improve your programming skills effortlessly.

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When you run code in Python, there’s a lot happening under the hood. This course sheds light on some of the interesting parts of Python you might be unaware of. 

As you progress through it, you’ll learn some tools and tricks that every Python programmer should know to avoid common mistakes. You can think of the course as a “Python hacks” handbook. 

Python basics are a prerequisite, but this is a beginner-level course. Each lesson is independent and after the first chapter, you can pick up from any lesson and you’ll be able to follow along comfortably.

Python FTW: Under the Hood

What could go wrong when using class variables like instance variables?



class A:
    x = 1

class B(A):
    pass

class C(A):
    pass

print(A.x, B.x, C.x)

B.x = 2
print(A.x, B.x, C.x)

A.x = 3
print(A.x, B.x, C.x) # C.x changed, but B.x didn't

a = A()
print(a.x, A.x)

a.x += 1
print(a.x, A.x)

<h1> Explanation </h1>


* Class variables and variables in class instances are internally handled as dictionaries of a class object. If a variable name is not found in the dictionary of the current class, the parent classes are searched for it.
* When we execute `a.x += 1`, which is equivalent to `a.x = a.x + 1`, an instance attribute is initialized. So, now the object `a` has an instance attribute named `x`, as well as a class attribute named `x`. The following snippet makes it clear:



Introduction

Slippery Slopes

Strain Your Brain!

Appearances Are Deceptive!

The Hidden Treasures!

Miscellaneous

Contributions & Acknowledgements

Class Attributes and Instance Attributes

Explanation