Table of Contents
Series syntaxHow to create a pandas SeriesMethod 1: Creating pandas Series using a listMethod 2: Creating pandas Series using a NumPy arrayMethod 3: Creating pandas Series using a dictionaryMethod 4: Creating pandas Series using a scalar valueMethod 5: Creating pandas Series using an empty SeriesLabels in pandas Series1. Default labeling2. Custom labelingIndexing in pandas Series1. Default indexing2. Custom indexing3. Indexing with loc and iloc4. Boolean indexingAccessing elements in pandas Series1. Accessing a single element2. Slicing elementsAttributes of pandas SeriesMethods of pandas SeriesObtaining the first or last n elementsDescriptive statisticsHandling missing valuesSorting SeriesObtaining unique valuesInformational methodsElement-wise mathematical operationsSeries vs. DataFramesConverting a Series to a DataFrameBenefits of pandas Series
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Pandas Series in Python

Pandas Series in Python

6 mins read
Mar 12, 2025
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Key takeaways:

  • A pandas Series is a one-dimensional labeled array that handles diverse data types.

  • You can create Series from lists, dictionaries, NumPy arrays, and scalars.

  • The Series provides flexible indexing with default integer indices or custom labels.

  • It offers powerful methods for mathematical operations, handling missing data, and filtering values efficiently.

The pandas Series is a one-dimensional data structure in the Python library that primarily holds data of a single data type but also supports mixed data types by upcasting them to a more generic type. While it shares similarities with NumPy arrays, one key distinction is that each element in a Series is associated with an index label, which can be customized as needed. Moreover, a pandas Series is dynamic, allowing you to add or remove elements as required, making it highly flexible for data manipulation tasks. Let’s delve into the details of the pandas Series, explore its parameters and methods, and learn how to leverage it effectively in code.

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Series syntax#

The complete syntax of a Series object is mentioned below:

pandas.Series(data=None, index=None, dtype=None, name=None, copy=False, fastpath=False)

The data parameter is required, while the other parameters are optional.

Parameter

Explanation

data

Data to store (e.g., array, list, dictionary, scalar)

index

Optional labels for data—Default: integer labels

dtype

Optional data type—Inferred by default

name

Name of the Series—Default: None

copy

Whether to copy data (False by default)

Note: The fastpath parameter is for internal use only and helps speed up Series creation. You don’t need to use or modify it directly during Series initialization.

The following diagram depicts a diagrammatic representation of a pandas Series with the following labels and values:

  • labels = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

  • values = ['maroon', 'navy', 'gray', 'teal']

Diagrammatic representation of pandas Series
Diagrammatic representation of pandas Series

How to create a pandas Series#

There are several ways we create a pandas Series in Python.

Here’s a quick summary:

Method

Example

Use Case

From a list

pd.Series([1, 2, 3])

When working with lists or arrays

From NumPy

pd.Series(np.array(...))

When starting with NumPy data

From dict

pd.Series({'a': 1})

When you have labeled key-value pairs

Scalar value

pd.Series(5, ...)

When repeating a single value

Let’s discuss each of these in detail.

Method 1: Creating pandas Series using a list#

One way to create a pandas Series is by using a Python list.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
list_of_numbers = [4, 10, 15, 6, 21, 19,]
series_list = pd.Series(list_of_numbers)
print("Series made using a list: \n")
print(series_list)

Method 2: Creating pandas Series using a NumPy array#

Another way to create a pandas Series is by using a NumPy array.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
array_of_colors = np.array(['black', 'maroon', 'white', 'navy'])
series_numpy = pd.Series(array_of_colors)
print("Series made using an array: \n")
print(series_numpy)

Method 3: Creating pandas Series using a dictionary#

You can also create a pandas Series using a Python dictionary, where the keys become indices, and the values form the data.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
dict_of_cars = {"1": "Bugatti Veyron", "2": "Aston Martin", "3": "Ferrarri"}
series_dict = pd.Series(dict_of_cars)
print("Series made using a dictionary: \n")
print(series_dict)

Method 4: Creating pandas Series using a scalar value#

You can also create a pandas Series using a scalar value, which is repeated across all specified indices.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
series_scalar = pd.Series(5, index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
print("Series made using a scalar: \n")
print(series_scalar)

Method 5: Creating pandas Series using an empty Series#

You can create an empty pandas Series by not providing any data. Later, you can assign values to it using its indices. It’s recommended to explicitly define the dtype (e.g., dtype='float64') to avoid potential issues or warnings in future versions of pandas.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
empty_series = pd.Series(dtype='float64')
print(empty_series)

Learn the pandas Series in depth!

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Labels in pandas Series#

In a pandas Series, labels are crucial in identifying and accessing data. They provide a human-readable way to reference specific elements, making working with and interpreting the data easier. Below are the common types of labels used in the pandas Series:

1. Default labeling#

If we don’t specify an index during creation, pandas assign default integer labels starting from 0.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
default_labels_series = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(default_labels_series)

2. Custom labeling#

We can assign custom labels to our Series either during creation or afterward.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)

Indexing in pandas Series#

Locating elements is almost always crucial for any data. Indexing in Series involves selecting particular elements based on labels or positions. Below are a few handy techniques for Series indexing:

Indexing in Python Series
Indexing in Python Series

Note: The index position starts from 0.

1. Default indexing#

Default indexing refers to automatically assigning integer labels to access elements in a pandas Series. With default indexing, elements can be accessed using integer positions like an array.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
# Creating a Series with default integer labels
default_index_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40])
# Accessing elements using integer-based indexing
print("Element at index 1:", default_index_series[1])

2. Custom indexing#

With custom indexing, elements can be accessed using user-defined labels instead of default integer labels. This feature enhances the data’s readability and manageability, especially with more descriptive labels like strings.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
# Creating a Series with custom labels
custom_index_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
# Accessing elements using custom labels
print("Element with label 'b':", custom_index_series['b'])

3. Indexing with loc and iloc#

In pandas, loc and iloc are two Series attributes used for indexing and selecting data from a DataFrame or Series.

  1. loc is used for label-based indexing in pandas, allowing you to access elements using their labels or with a boolean array for conditional selection.

  2. iloc is used for integer-location-based indexing, where we can specify the location by integer indexes.

For Series, the usage is relatively simple as the data is only one-dimensional. Let’s go through the code examples.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
# Creating a Series with custom labels
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
print("Series with custom labels:")
print(custom_labels_series)
# Label-based indexing using .loc
loc_example = custom_labels_series.loc['B']
iloc_example = custom_labels_series.iloc[1]
print("\nValue retrieved using loc (label-based indexing, label='B'):", loc_example)
print("Value retrieved using iloc (position-based indexing, position=1):", iloc_example)
# Slicing using label-based indexing
label_slice = custom_labels_series.loc['B':'D']
print("\nSlice using loc (labels 'B' to 'D'):")
print(label_slice)
# Slicing using position-based indexing
position_slice = custom_labels_series.iloc[1:3]
print("\nSlice using iloc (positions 1 to 2):")
print(position_slice)

4. Boolean indexing#

Boolean indexing allows you to filter Python Series elements based on conditions. Only elements corresponding to True values are selected.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
default_labels_series = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4])
filtered_series = default_labels_series[default_labels_series > 2]
print(filtered_series)

Accessing elements in pandas Series#

Accessing elements in a pandas Series is essential for data manipulation and analysis. It involves retrieving specific values or subsets of data using various techniques, such as referencing by label or position. Below are a few commonly used methods for accessing elements in a pandas Series:

1. Accessing a single element#

A single element can be accessed by using the [] operator and specifying the label or index position inside of it.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
# Creating a Series with default integer labels
default_labels_series = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4])
# Single element indexing using the position
single_element_position = default_labels_series[1]
print("Element at position 1:", single_element_position)
# Creating a Series with custom labels
labeled_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
# Single element indexing using the label in labeled Series
single_element_label = labeled_series['b']
print("Element with label 'b':", single_element_label)

2. Slicing elements#

Using series[start:stop], we can obtain the slice of elements between start and stop indices (the element at stop is also included).

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
# Creating a Series with default integer labels
default_labels_series = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4])
# Slicing elements using integer positions
sliced_elements = default_labels_series[1:3]
print("Sliced elements (default labels):")
print(sliced_elements)
# Creating a Series with custom labels
labeled_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
# Slicing elements using custom labels
sliced_series = labeled_series['b':'d']
print("\nSliced elements (using labels):")
print(sliced_series)

Attributes of pandas Series#

The pandas Series has various attributes that can provide information about the Series. Let’s go through some of them, along with a code example:

Attributes

Description

at

The at attribute returns the value for a specific label in the Series.

dtype

The dtype attribute returns the data type of the Series data.

is_unique

The is_unique attribute returns True if the elements of the Series are unique.

shape

The shape attribute returns a tuple indicating the number of elements in the Series. As the Series is one-dimensional, the shape is represented as a single value (e.g., (4,)) instead of (4, 1).

size

The size attribute returns the total number of elements in the Series data.

values

The values attribute returns the Series as a NumPy ndarray object containing the Series elements.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)
# The at attribute
at_attribute = custom_labels_series.at['label_a']
# The dtype attribute
dtype_attribute = custom_labels_series.dtype
# The is_unique attribute
is_unique_attribute = custom_labels_series.is_unique
# The shape attribute
shape_attribute = custom_labels_series.shape
# The size attribute
size_attribute = custom_labels_series.size
# The values attribute
values_attribute = custom_labels_series.values
print("At attribute: ", at_attribute)
print("Dtype attribute: ", dtype_attribute)
print("Is unique attribute: ", is_unique_attribute)
print("Shape attribute: ", shape_attribute)
print("Size attribute: ", size_attribute)
print("Values attribute: ", values_attribute)

Note: iloc and loc are also Series attributes.

Methods of pandas Series#

The data stored in Series can be manipulated using built-in methods offered by pandas for Series. We’ve already seen how to create and access elements in a Series, so now let’s cover some other highly useful Series methods below. We’ll demonstrate their use through practical examples, but check the official documentation for a comprehensive list.

Obtaining the first or last n elements#

  • series.head(n): Returns the first n elements.

  • series.tail(n): Returns the last n elements.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)
# Obtaining the first or last 2 elements
head_elements = custom_labels_series.head(2)
tail_elements = custom_labels_series.tail(2)
print("Head elements: \n", head_elements)
print("Tail elements: \n", tail_elements)

Descriptive statistics#

  • series.sum(): Sum of all elements

  • series.mean(): Mean of all elements

  • series.median(): Median of all elements

  • series.min(), series.max(): Minimum and maximum values

  • series.std(), series.var(): Standard deviation and variance

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)
# Descriptive statistics
sum_elements = custom_labels_series.sum()
mean_element = custom_labels_series.mean()
median_element = custom_labels_series.median()
min_element = custom_labels_series.min()
max_element = custom_labels_series.max()
std_dev = custom_labels_series.std()
variance = custom_labels_series.var()
print("Sum: \n", sum_elements)
print("Mean: \n", mean_element)
print("Median: \n", median_element)
print("Min element: \n", min_element)
print("Max element: \n", max_element)
print("Standard Deviation: \n", std_dev)
print("Variance: \n", variance)

Handling missing values#

  • series.dropna(): Remove missing NaN values.

  • series.fillna(value): Replace missing values with a specified value.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, np.nan, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)
# Handling missing values
dropna_series = custom_labels_series.dropna()
fillna_series = custom_labels_series.fillna(0)
print("Dropna: \n", dropna_series, "\n")
print("Fillna: \n", fillna_series)

Sorting Series#

  • series.sort_values(): Sort elements by the values.

  • series.sort_index(): Sort elements by the index.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 40, 30, 20], index=['label_d', 'label_c', 'label_b', 'label_a'])
print(custom_labels_series, "\n")
# Sorting Series
sorted_values = custom_labels_series.sort_values()
sorted_index = custom_labels_series.sort_index()
print("Sorted values: \n", sorted_values, "\n")
print("Sorted index: \n", sorted_index)

Obtaining unique values#

  • series.unique(): Return unique values.

  • series.value_counts(): Count occurrences of each unique value.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 20, 30], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series, "\n")
# Obtaining unique values
unique_values = custom_labels_series.unique()
value_counts = custom_labels_series.value_counts()
print("Unique values: \n", unique_values, "\n")
print("Value counts: \n", value_counts)

Informational methods#

  • series.describe(): Generate descriptive statistics.

  • series.info(): Display information about the Series.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series, "\n")
# Informational methods
description = custom_labels_series.describe()
print("Description: \n", description, "\n")
print("Info:")
custom_labels_series.info()

Element-wise mathematical operations#

With the pandas Series, we can also efficiently perform mathematical operations on all elements directly.

  • series + value: Add a constant to each element.

  • series - value: Subtract a constant from each element.

  • series * value: Multiply each element by a constant.

  • series / value: Divide each element by a constant.

  • series1 + series2: Element-wise addition of two Series.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)
# Element-wise mathematical operations
addition = custom_labels_series + 5
multiplication = custom_labels_series * 2
print("Addition: \n", addition)
print("Multiplication: \n", multiplication)

Series vs. DataFrames#

Understanding the difference between a Series and a DataFrame is crucial for efficient data manipulation. While a Series is one-dimensional, a DataFrame is a two-dimensional labeled data structure. We would need to convert one into the other in many instances.

Aspect

Series

DataFrame

Dimensions

1D

2D (rows and columns)

Data access

By index or position

By rows, columns, or both

Use case

Labeled array for simple data

Tabular data for complex relationships

Converting a Series to a DataFrame#

Using the to_frame() method, we can convert a series to a DataFrame. This conversion may be necessary for more complex operations or for adding multidimensional data.

Python 3.10.4
import pandas as pd
custom_labels_series = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40], index=['label_a', 'label_b', 'label_c', 'label_d'])
print(custom_labels_series)
# Converting a series to a DataFrame
series_to_dataframe = custom_labels_series.to_frame()
print(series_to_dataframe)

Benefits of pandas Series#

Let’s briefly discuss the benefits of using the pandas Series.

  • Easy data handling

  • Labeled data for better organization

  • Automatic data alignment

  • Missing data handling (NaN values)

  • Built-in statistical and mathematical functions

  • Integration with NumPy for numerical operations

  • Specialized support for time series data

  • Versatility in input formats (lists, dictionaries, etc.)

The pandas Series is a versatile tool for one-dimensional labeled data, essential for tracking temperatures, analyzing stock prices, or managing feedback. With missing value handling, statistical functions, and time-series support, it simplifies real-world data analysis and is a key step toward data science proficiency. Learning pandas Series is foundational to becoming proficient in data science and analytics.

Now that you’ve mastered pandas Series, take it to the next level by exploring pandas DataFrames and integrating Series into real-world data analysis projects, such as visualizing geospatial data.

Now that you’ve mastered pandas Series, take it to the next level by exploring pandas DataFrames and integrating Series into real-world data analysis projects, such as visualizing geospatial data.

Frequently Asked Questions

What types of data can be stored in a pandas Series?

You can store the following in a Series:

  • Lists or arrays
  • Scalars (repeated across all labels)
  • Dictionaries (keys become the index)
  • Constant values

How is a pandas Series different from a pandas DataFrame or a NumPy array?

A Series is one-dimensional with only rows, while a DataFrame is two-dimensional with rows and columns. Although a pandas Series and a NumPy array are one-dimensional, a Series provides a labeled index to access each element. In contrast, a NumPy array supports only positional indexing.

What happens if I don’t provide an index while creating a Series?

pandas automatically assign a default integer index starting from 0 if no index is provided.

How can I access specific elements in a pandas Series?

  • By label: series['label']
  • By position: series[0]
  • Using loc for labels: series.loc['label']
  • Using iloc for positions: series.iloc[0]
  • Using at for fast label-based access: series.at['label']

How are at and loc different when working with the pandas Series?

Both at and loc are used for accessing data by the label in the pandas Series, but they serve slightly different purposes:

loc:

  • Used for accessing elements by label in pandas Series. It also supports slicing and selecting multiple elements at once. Example:
    • Accessing a single element: series.loc['label'] accesses the element with a label, label.
    • Accessing multiple elements: series.loc[['label_a', 'label_b'] accesses the element with labels, label_a and label_b.
    • Slicing a range: series.loc['label_a':'label_c'] retrieves all elements between ‘label_a’ and ‘label_c’, inclusive.

at:

  • Optimized for retrieving a single element by label, and faster than .loc[] when used this way.
  • Example: series.at['label'] accesses the element with label 'label'.

Can I update or modify a pandas Series?

Yes, you can update values by:

  • Index: series['label'] = new_value
  • Position: series[0] = new_value You can append or drop values using pandas methods.
Written By:
Hamna Waseem
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