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The All-in-One Guide to C++20

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Introduction

Getting Started Conventions Source Code

About C++

Historical Context Standardization

A Quick Overview of C++20

Introduction to C++20 The Big Four Core Language The Standard Library Concurrency

Concepts

Two Wrong Approaches Advantages of Concepts Four Ways to Use Concepts Exercise: Implement Arithmetic Concept Solution: Implement Arithmetic Concept Use-cases for Concepts More on Uses-cases for Concepts Constrained and Unconstrained Placeholders Abbreviated Function Templates Predefined Concepts - Part I Predefined Concepts - Part II Defining Concepts Exercise: Modify the sum Function Solution: Modify the sum Function Requires Expressions The Concepts Equal and Ordering The Concepts SemiRegular and Regular Exercise: Simplifying the Generic Functions Solution: Simplifying the Generic Functions Concluding Concepts Test Yourself: Concepts in C++20

Modules

Need for Modules Advantages of Modules A First Example Compilation and Use Export Guidelines for a Module Structure Module Interface Unit and Module Implementation Unit Submodules and Module Partitions Templates in Modules Module Linkage Header Units Test Yourself: Modules in C++20

Three-way Comparison Operator

Ordering before C++20 The Compiler-generated Spaceship Operator Rewriting Expressions Exercise: Extend MyInt Class Solution: Extend MyInt Class User-defined and Auto-generated Comparison Operators Test Yourself: Three-way Comparison Operator

Designated Initialization

Aggregate Initialization Named Initialization of Class Members Exercise: Detect Narrowing Conversion Solution: Detect Narrowing Conversion Test Yourself: Designated Initialization

New Keywords: consteval and constinit

The consteval Keyword The constinit Keyword Function Execution and Variable Initialization Solving the Static Initialization Order Fiasco Test Yourself: consteval and constinit

Template Improvements

Conditionally Explicit Constructor Exercise: Manage the Implicit Conversion Solution: Manage the Implicit Conversion Non-type Template Parameters Test Yourself: Template Improvements

Lambda Improvements

Template Parameter for Lambdas Detection of the Implicit Copy of the this Pointer Lambdas in an Unevaluated Context and Stateless Lambdas Test Yourself: Lambda Improvements

New Attributes in C++20

Introduction to Attributes

The [[nodiscard("reason")]] Attribute

The [[likely]] and [[unlikely]] Attributes

The [[no_unique_address]] Attribute

Test Yourself: New Attributes in C++20

Further Improvements in Core Language

The volatile Keyword Range-based for Loop with Initializers Virtual constexpr Function The new Character Type of UTF-8 Strings: char8_t using enum in Local Scopes Default Member Initializers for Bit Fields

The ranges Library

Overview of the ranges Library Exercise: Compute the Average Solution: Compute the Average The Concepts Ranges and Views Direct on the Container Function Composition Lazy Evaluation A Flavor of Python Exercise: Implement Python's map Function Solution: Implement Python's map Function Test Yourself: The ranges Library

std::span

Static versus Dynamic Extent Deducing the Size of a Contiguous Sequence of Object Create a std::span from a Pointer and a Size Modifying the Referenced Objects Addressing the std::span Elements A Constant Range of Modifiable Elements Test Yourself: The std::span Container

Container Improvements

constexpr Containers and Algorithms std::array Container in C++20 Consistent Container Erasure contains for Associative Containers Exercise: Erase the Capital Letters Solution: Erase the Capital Letters String prefix and suffix checking Test Yourself: Container Improvements

Arithmetic Utilities

Safe Comparison of Integers Mathematical Constants Midpoint and Linear Interpolation Bit Manipulation Exercise: Analyze the Output Solution: Analyze the Output Test Yourself: Arithmetic Utilities

Calendar and Time Zones

Time of Day Calendar Dates Validation of Date Query Calendar Dates and Weekdays Calculating Ordinal Dates Time Zones Test Yourself: Calendar and Time Zones

Formatting Library

Overview of the Formatting Library Format Strings User-defined Types Test Yourself: Formatting Library

Further Improvements in Standard Library

std::bind_front Library in C++20 std::is_constant_evaluated Library in C++20 std::source_location Library in C++20

Coroutines

Overview of Coroutines Characteristic of Coroutines The Framework Awaitables and Awaiters The Workflow The co_return Keyword The co_yield Keyword The co_await Keyword Test Yourself: Coroutines

Atomics

std::atomic_ref Specializations of std::atomic_ref Atomic Smart Pointers std::atomic_flag Extensions One Time Synchronization of Threads std::atomic Extensions Exercise: Try Different Synchronization Techniques Solution: Try Different Synchronization Techniques Test Yourself: Atomics

Semaphores

Overview of Semaphores Thread Synchronization with Semaphores Test Yourself: Semaphores

Latches and Barriers

Overview of Latches and Barriers std::latch std::barrier Test Yourself: Latches and Barriers

Cooperative Interruption

Overview of Cooperative Interruption Thread New wait Overloads for the condition_variable_any Test Yourself: Cooperative Interruption

std::jthread

Automatically Joining Cooperative Interruption of a std::jthread Test Yourself: std::jthread

Synchronized Output Streams

Output streams with std::cout Exercise: Synchronize the Output Solution: Synchronize the Output The get_wrapped Function Test Yourself: Synchronized Output Streams

Case Studies

Case Study I: Fast Synchronization of Threads Case Study II: Variations of Futures Case Study III: Modification and Generalization of a Generator Case Study IV: Various Job Workflows

Summary

C++23

Introduction to C++ 23 Coroutine Types in the Coroutines Library Awaitable Types and Functions in the Coroutines Library static_thread_pool in Coroutine Library Modularized Standard Library for Modules Executors The Network Library

C++23 or Later

Contracts Reflection Pattern Matching Further Information about C++23

Feature Testing of C++

Feature Testing

The [[no_unique_address]] Attribute

Understand the use of the '[[no_unique_address]]' attribute in C++20.

We'll cover the following

- Introduction
- Example

The story of optimization goes on with the new attribute [[no_unique_address]]. This time the optimization addresses space instead of execution time.

Introduction

[[no_unique_address]] expresses that this data member of a class need not have an address distinct from all other non-static data members of its class. Consequently, if the member has an empty type, the compiler can optimize it to occupy no memory.

Example

The following program exemplifies the usage of the new attribute.

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