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The All-in-One Guide to C++20

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Introduction

Getting Started Conventions Source Code

About C++

Historical Context Standardization

A Quick Overview of C++20

Introduction to C++20 The Big Four Core Language The Standard Library Concurrency

Concepts

Two Wrong Approaches Advantages of Concepts Four Ways to Use Concepts Exercise: Implement Arithmetic Concept Solution: Implement Arithmetic Concept Use-cases for Concepts More on Uses-cases for Concepts Constrained and Unconstrained Placeholders Abbreviated Function Templates Predefined Concepts - Part I Predefined Concepts - Part II Defining Concepts Exercise: Modify the sum Function Solution: Modify the sum Function Requires Expressions The Concepts Equal and Ordering The Concepts SemiRegular and Regular Exercise: Simplifying the Generic Functions Solution: Simplifying the Generic Functions Concluding Concepts Test Yourself: Concepts in C++20

Modules

Need for Modules Advantages of Modules A First Example Compilation and Use Export Guidelines for a Module Structure Module Interface Unit and Module Implementation Unit Submodules and Module Partitions Templates in Modules Module Linkage Header Units Test Yourself: Modules in C++20

Three-way Comparison Operator

Ordering before C++20 The Compiler-generated Spaceship Operator Rewriting Expressions Exercise: Extend MyInt Class Solution: Extend MyInt Class User-defined and Auto-generated Comparison Operators Test Yourself: Three-way Comparison Operator

Designated Initialization

Aggregate Initialization Named Initialization of Class Members Exercise: Detect Narrowing Conversion Solution: Detect Narrowing Conversion Test Yourself: Designated Initialization

New Keywords: consteval and constinit

The consteval Keyword The constinit Keyword Function Execution and Variable Initialization Solving the Static Initialization Order Fiasco Test Yourself: consteval and constinit

Template Improvements

Conditionally Explicit Constructor Exercise: Manage the Implicit Conversion Solution: Manage the Implicit Conversion Non-type Template Parameters Test Yourself: Template Improvements

Lambda Improvements

Template Parameter for Lambdas Detection of the Implicit Copy of the this Pointer Lambdas in an Unevaluated Context and Stateless Lambdas Test Yourself: Lambda Improvements

New Attributes in C++20

Introduction to Attributes The [[nodiscard("reason")]] Attribute The [[likely]] and [[unlikely]] Attributes The [[no_unique_address]] Attribute Test Yourself: New Attributes in C++20

Further Improvements in Core Language

The volatile Keyword

Range-based for Loop with Initializers

Virtual constexpr Function

The new Character Type of UTF-8 Strings: char8_t

using enum in Local Scopes

Default Member Initializers for Bit Fields

The ranges Library

Overview of the ranges Library Exercise: Compute the Average Solution: Compute the Average The Concepts Ranges and Views Direct on the Container Function Composition Lazy Evaluation A Flavor of Python Exercise: Implement Python's map Function Solution: Implement Python's map Function Test Yourself: The ranges Library

std::span

Static versus Dynamic Extent Deducing the Size of a Contiguous Sequence of Object Create a std::span from a Pointer and a Size Modifying the Referenced Objects Addressing the std::span Elements A Constant Range of Modifiable Elements Test Yourself: The std::span Container

Container Improvements

constexpr Containers and Algorithms std::array Container in C++20 Consistent Container Erasure contains for Associative Containers Exercise: Erase the Capital Letters Solution: Erase the Capital Letters String prefix and suffix checking Test Yourself: Container Improvements

Arithmetic Utilities

Safe Comparison of Integers Mathematical Constants Midpoint and Linear Interpolation Bit Manipulation Exercise: Analyze the Output Solution: Analyze the Output Test Yourself: Arithmetic Utilities

Calendar and Time Zones

Time of Day Calendar Dates Validation of Date Query Calendar Dates and Weekdays Calculating Ordinal Dates Time Zones Test Yourself: Calendar and Time Zones

Formatting Library

Overview of the Formatting Library Format Strings User-defined Types Test Yourself: Formatting Library

Further Improvements in Standard Library

std::bind_front Library in C++20 std::is_constant_evaluated Library in C++20 std::source_location Library in C++20

Coroutines

Overview of Coroutines Characteristic of Coroutines The Framework Awaitables and Awaiters The Workflow The co_return Keyword The co_yield Keyword The co_await Keyword Test Yourself: Coroutines

Atomics

std::atomic_ref Specializations of std::atomic_ref Atomic Smart Pointers std::atomic_flag Extensions One Time Synchronization of Threads std::atomic Extensions Exercise: Try Different Synchronization Techniques Solution: Try Different Synchronization Techniques Test Yourself: Atomics

Semaphores

Overview of Semaphores Thread Synchronization with Semaphores Test Yourself: Semaphores

Latches and Barriers

Overview of Latches and Barriers std::latch std::barrier Test Yourself: Latches and Barriers

Cooperative Interruption

Overview of Cooperative Interruption Thread New wait Overloads for the condition_variable_any Test Yourself: Cooperative Interruption

std::jthread

Automatically Joining Cooperative Interruption of a std::jthread Test Yourself: std::jthread

Synchronized Output Streams

Output streams with std::cout Exercise: Synchronize the Output Solution: Synchronize the Output The get_wrapped Function Test Yourself: Synchronized Output Streams

Case Studies

Case Study I: Fast Synchronization of Threads Case Study II: Variations of Futures Case Study III: Modification and Generalization of a Generator Case Study IV: Various Job Workflows

Summary

C++23

Introduction to C++ 23 Coroutine Types in the Coroutines Library Awaitable Types and Functions in the Coroutines Library static_thread_pool in Coroutine Library Modularized Standard Library for Modules Executors The Network Library

C++23 or Later

Contracts Reflection Pattern Matching Further Information about C++23

Feature Testing of C++

Feature Testing

Default Member Initializers for Bit Fields

Learn how to default initialize the members of a bit field with an example.

First of all, what is a bit field? Here is the definition from Wikipedia: “A bit field is a data structure used in computer programming. It consists of a number of adjacent computer memory locations which have been allocated to hold a sequence of bits, stored so that any single bit or group of bits within the set can be addressed. A bit field is most commonly used to represent integral types of known, fixed bit-width.”

With C++20, we can default initialize the members of a bit field:

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