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Grokking the Coding Interview Patterns

Solution: Sum of All Subset XOR Totals

Understand how to calculate the sum of XOR totals of all subsets in an array without generating every subset. This lesson teaches the use of bitwise OR and shifting to optimize the solution and explains the key properties of XOR in problem-solving.

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Statement

Given an array of integers, nums, compute and return the sum of XOR totals for all its possible subsets.

  • A subset is any combination of elements from the original array, nums. This includes the empty subset (containing no elements) and the subset that includes all array elements.

  • The XOR total of a subset results from applying the XOR operation to all the elements in that subset.

Note: If the nums array has duplicate elements, then ...