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Solution: Permutation in String

Explore how to determine if any permutation of a given string appears as a contiguous substring within another string by applying the sliding window technique. This lesson teaches you to compare character frequencies efficiently and use a fixed-size window to solve permutation substring problems in linear time with constant space.

Statement

Given two strings, s1 and s2, determine whether any permutation of s1 appears as a contiguous substring within s2. In other words, return TRUE if s2 contains a substring that uses the same characters as s1, with the same frequencies, but possibly in a different order. Otherwise, FALSE.

A permutation of a string is any possible arrangement of all its characters. For example, for the string “ab”, the permutations are: “ab” and “ba”.

Constraints:

  • 11 \leq s1.length, s2.length 104\leq 10^4

  • s1 and s2 consist of lowercase English letters.

Solution

A naive approach would be to generate all possible rearrangements of s1 and check whether any appear in s2. But that would quickly become inefficient for longer strings, because the number of permutations grows extremely fast. For a three-letter string like "abc", there are ...