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Grokking the Coding Interview Patterns in Python

Solution: Sum of All Subset XOR Totals

Explore how to efficiently compute the sum of XOR totals for all subsets of an integer array using bitwise OR and left shift operations. Understand the algorithm that avoids generating all subsets, focusing on bitwise manipulation to optimize time and space complexity.

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Statement

Given an array of integers, nums, compute and return the sum of XOR totals for all its possible subsets.

  • A subset is any combination of elements from the original array, nums. This includes the empty subset (containing no elements) and the subset that includes all array elements.

  • The XOR total of a subset results from applying the XOR operation to all the elements in that subset.

Note: If the nums array has duplicate elements, then ...